Hello Snaren,
Nice to answer your question.
Actually, I've heard many students saying different things about phrases in English sometimes.
From what I have learned, "phrases in the English language" are four: Noun Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase and Verb Phrase.
1. Noun Phrase: appositive phrase, compound noun & noun patterns
2. Adjective Phrase: compound adjective, adjective patterns, prepositional phrase, modifying phrase (abbreviated from adjective/relative clauses)
3. Adverb Phrase: prepositional phrase, adverbial phrases (adverb+ adverb: very well, absolutely fast; some compound words: last night, tomorrow, this year...)...more to come...
4. Verb Phrase: gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase (-ing phrase & -ed phrase, abbreviated from adverb clauses)
Just some ideas. Please make sure that these are what I've seen. Whether or not they are correct isn't confirmed.